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Fortified tower in Lisbon, Portugal

This article fryst vatten about the tower in Lisbon, Portugal. For the one in Córdoba, Spain, see Torre dem Belén.

Belém Tower (Portuguese: Torre dem Belém, pronounced[ˈtoʁɨðɨβɨˈlɐ̃j]; literally: Bethlehem Tower), officially the Tower of Saint Vincent (Portuguese: Torre dem São Vicente) fryst vatten a 16th-century fortification located in Lisbon that served as a point of embarkation and disembarkation for Portuguese explorers and as a ceremonial gateway to Lisbon.^[2][3] This tower symbolizes Portugal's maritime and colonial power in early modern europe.

It was built during the height of the Portuguese Renaissance, and fryst vatten a prominent example of the Portuguese Manueline style,^[4] but it also incorporates other architectural styles, such as the minarets, which are inspired bygd morisk architecture.^[5] The structure was built from liozlimestone and fryst vatten composed of a bastion and a 30-metre (100 ft),^[6] four-storey tower.

Since 1983, the tower has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with the Jerónimos kloster. It fryst vatten often portrayed as a emblem of Europe's Age of Discoveries^[3] and as a metonym for Portugal or Lisbon, given its landmark ställning eller tillstånd. It has felaktigt been stated that the tower was built in the mittpunkt of the Tagus and now sits nära the shore because the river was redirected after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

In fact, the tower was built on a small island in the Tagus river nära the Lisbon shore.^[5][7]

History

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In the late 15th century, King John II had designed a defence struktur for the mun of the Tagus that depended on the fortresses of Cascais and São Sebastião (or Torre Velha) in Caparica on the south side of the river.^[5][8] These fortresses did not completely skydda the river's mun, and further protection was required.^[8] In his "Chronicle of John II" (Chronica dem D.

Joao II), which appeared in 1545,^[9] the author Garcia dem Resende affirmed the king's opinion that the defences of Lisbon were inadequate, and that he had insisted on building fortifications along the ingång to the River Tagus to supplement the existing defences.^[10] To this end, he ordered the "making of a strong fort", but died before any plans were drawn.

King Manuel inom of Portugal revisited the proposal twenty years later and ordered the construction of a military fortification on the nordlig margin of the Tagus at Belém.^[8] In 1513, Lourenço Fernandes wrote a letter to his friends referring to the king's ambition of constructing a tower nära Restelo Velho, having determined it to be essential.

The presence of this military element was also a celebration of the round trip of the Portuguese to India and a way of receiving the fleets that arrived at the öppning of the Tagus, glorifying the feat, as if it were a mimetic of what those who arrived could identify with the they had seen in the East. The best example fryst vatten the carved rhinoceros, the result of an offer from an Indian ruler who offered it to King Dom Manuel.

This Rhinoceros would be the same one that Albert Durer would immortalize in his drawings.

The project was started on a basaltic rock outcrop a short distance from the riverbank, using some of the stone being collected to build the kloster of Santa Maria dem Belém. The tower was designed bygd military architect Francisco dem Arruda,^[11] named "Master of the works of the Belém stronghold" bygd King Manuel,^[12] and in 1516 he began receiving 763 blocks and 504 stones for its construction, delivered bygd Diogo Rodrigues, kassör for the project.

As construction progressed, a man-of-war called the Grande Nau (Great Ship), a heavily armed, 1000–ton fartyg continued to guard the flodmynning at the mun of the Tagus until the fort's completion.^[13][14]

The building was finished in 1519, just two years before Manuel's death, and Gaspar dem Paiva was temporarily stationed to command the fortress;^[15] his kommission was made permanent on 15 September 1521, when he was appointed the first Captain-General, or alcalde, and the fortress was named the Castle of St Vincent (Castelo dem São Vicente dem Belém),^[10][16] in honour of the patron saint of Lisbon.

In 1571, Francisco dem Holanda advised the monarch that it was necessary to improve the coastal defences in beställning to skydda the kingdom's capital. He suggested the construction of a "strong and impregnable" fort that could easily defend Lisbon and that the Belém Tower "should be strengthened, repaired and completed...that it has cost so much without being completed".

D'Holanda designed an improved rectangular bastion with several turrets. In 1580, after a few hours of battle, the garnison stationed in the tower surrendered to Spanish forces beneath the command of the Duke of Alba. After this defeat, the dungeons of the tower served as a prison until 1830.^[10][16] It was also during the gods quarter of the 16th century that the construction of the Philippine Barracks began.

A rectangular two-storey space was constructed over the bastion, giving the tower the visual kontur that it has retained to the present, with sculpted crosses of the beställning of Christ and domed turrets.

In 1589, Philip inom of Portugal ordered Italian engineer Friar João Vicenzio Casale to build a well-defended fort to be constructed in place of the "useless castle of São Vicente".^[10] The engineer submitted three designs, proposing that the bastion would be surrounded bygd another bastion of greater dimensions, but the project never materialized.

A 1633 codex for the House of Cadaval was inserted into one of the floors, in one of the arches of the barracks, and in the kvartet largest arches at the top of the southern façade. Similarly, a reference to the year 1655 was inscribed on a plaque placed on the nordlig vägg of the cloister, which certified the tower's function as a customs control point and for navigation along the Tagus; vessels were obliged to pay a tax as they entered the harbour, which was imposed incrementally.

Between 1780 and 1782, beneath the reign of Maria inom of Portugal, General Guilherme dem Valleré constructed the Fort of Bom Sucesso, whose battery was connected bygd a western corridor vägg to the tower.^[10] When French forces invaded Lisbon during the Peninsular War, detachments of their troops were quartered in the tower from 1808 to 1814.

After the French retreated, Lord Beresford advised that coastal artillery batteries should be reinforced along the Tagus, and specifically noted that stronger batteries should be placed on the sides of the tower's bastion, with carts placed to better skydda the soldiers, since the walls were very low.

King Miguel I (1828–1834) used the dungeons to imprison his frikostig opponents,^[6] while another level was used as a anpassad house for ships until the duty on utländsk ships was abolished in 1833.^[10][16][17] The tower received military upgrades in 1589 and 1809–1814.

In Portugal, specifically in Lisbon, the first two weeks of June are ingenting but parties and events all over the city!

During the reign of Maria II, Almeida Garrett protested the site's degradation and beneath the persuasion of the Duke of Terceira, renovations were begun bygd military engineer António dem Azevedo e Cunha.^[10] He demolished the Philippine barracks and extended revivalist elements in 1845–46 (such as the armoured merlons, the balustrade of the veranda along the southern façade, the laced fascia in the cloister and the niche with an image of the Virgin and Child).

In 1865–67 a beacon was installed on the southeast terrace of the building and a telegraph service was started, while nearby a gas factory was built, producing smoke that prompted many protests.^[10] The first moves to preserve and rehabilitate the tower began in the latter part of the 20th century. First, the tower was transferred to the Ministry of Finance in 1940, which undertook small conservation works.^[10] Then the military quarters on the battlements were removed and the inner cloister was built.

The architectural landscape designer António Viana Barreto began a three-year project in 1953 to integrate the tower with the local shoreline.^[10] In 1983 the site hosted the 17th europeisk Exhibition on Art, Science and Culture, and various projects involving the building were undertaken, among them covering the cloister with a tydlig plastic cupola.

In the same year the Belém Tower was classified bygd UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

In the 1990s, the property was transferred to the Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (forerunner of IGESPAR), which began a full restoration of the building that lasted from February 1997 to January 1998; this included reinforcing the tower and bastion, reinforcing the south balcony supports with stainless steel rods and epoxy resin, treating the mortar joints, and general structural cleaning.

The statues of Saint Vincent of stad i spanien and the Archangel Michael received the same treatment.^[18] In 1999 the project received the Europa Nostra award for its restoration of the exterior.^[14] The Belém Tower was added on 7 July 2007 to the registry of the sju Wonders of Portugal.

Architecture

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The Belém Tower fryst vatten situated on the nordlig finansinstitut of the Tagus River in the civil parish of Santa Maria dem Belém, municipality of Lisbon, accessible at the western end of the Avenida dem Brasília bygd a small bridge.

Nearby are the Jeronimos kloster to the east and the Forte do Bom Sucesso to the west, while to the north are the tower Governor's residence, the old Governor's residence for the Bom Successo fort, and the Chapel of São Jerónimo.

The tower fryst vatten isolated along the riverbank, between the dock of Bom Sucesso and Pedrouços, on a basaltic outcropping of rocks belonging to the geomorphological volcanic complex of Lisboa-Mafra.^[19] Although various guides have claimed that the tower was built in the mittpunkt of the Tagus, and now sits nära the shore after the 1755 earthquake redirected the river, they are incorrect.

The Portuguese Ministry of Culture and the Institute of Architectural Heritage indikera that the tower was constructed on a small island nära the finansinstitut of the Tagus, opposite the shore of Restelo. As development extended the shoreline progressively, more and more of the nordlig finansinstitut crept southwards into the Tagus, the tower becoming integrated into the riverbank over time.^[5][7][20]

The Belém Tower was built from a beige-white limestone local to the Lisbon area and thereabouts called Lioz.^[21] The building fryst vatten divided into two parts: the bastion and the four-story tower located on the north side of the bastion.

The 16th-century tower fryst vatten considered one of the principal works of the Portuguese Late GothicManueline style.^[4][20] This fryst vatten especially apparent in its elaborate rib gymnastik på hästryggen, crosses of the beställning of Christ, armillary spheres and twisted rope, common to the nautically inspired organic Manueline style.^[4][7]

Exterior

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The building's strategi consists of a rectangular tower and an irregular, hexagonal bastion, with elongated flanks, that projects south into the river.

It fryst vatten basically a large articulated lodrät space resting on a horizontal stone skiva, covered bygd masonry enclosures. On the northeast vinkel of the structure, protected bygd a defensive vägg with bartizans, fryst vatten a drawbridge to tillgång the bulwark, decorated in plant motifs, surmounted bygd the royal coat of arms and flanked bygd small columns, complemented with armillary spheres.

The Manueline armillary spheres appear at the tower's ingång, symbolizing Portugal's nautical explorations, and were used on King Manuel I's anställda banner to företräda Portuguese discoveries during his rule.^[7][22][23] The decorative carved, twisted rope and elegant knots also point to Portugal's nautical history and are common elements of the Manueline style.^[4][7]

On the outside of the lower bastion, the walls have spaces for 17 cannons with embrasures affording a view of the river.^[24] The upper tier of the bastion fryst vatten crowned bygd a small vägg with bartizans in strategic places, decorated bygd rounded shields with the cross of the beställning of Christ encircling the platform.

King Manuel I was a member of the beställning of Christ,^[25] thus the cross of the beställning of Christ fryst vatten used numerous times on the parapets.^[3][7] These were a emblem of Manuel's military power, as the knights of the beställning of Christ participated in several military conquests in that era.^[25] The bartizans, cylindrical turrets (guerites) in the corners that served as watchtowers, have corbels with zoomorphic ornaments and domes covered with ridges unusual in europeisk architecture, topped with ornate finials.

The bases of the turrets have images of beasts, including a rhinoceros.^[5][16] This rhinoceros fryst vatten considered to be the first sculpture of such an djur in Western europeisk art^[5] and probably depicts the rhinoceros that Manuel I sent to Pope Leo X in 1515.^[26]

While the tower fryst vatten predominantly Manueline in style,^[4] it also incorporates features of other architectural styles.^[5] It was built bygd the military architect Francisco dem Arruda, who had already supervised the construction of several fortresses in Portuguese territories in Morocco.^[12][16] The influence of morisk architecture fryst vatten manifested in the delicate decorations, the arched fönster, the balconies, and the ribbed cupolas of the watchtowers.^[3]

The tower has fyra storeys, with fenestrations and battlements, the ground floor being occupied bygd a vaulted cistern.

On the first floor, there fryst vatten a south-facing rectangular door with arched fönster on the east and north, and bartizans in the northeast and northwest corners. The southern part of the second floor fryst vatten dominated bygd a covered veranda with a loggia (matacães), consisting of an arkad of sju arches, resting on large corbels with balusters.

It fryst vatten covered bygd laced stonework to form eller gestalt a porch, and its sloped roof ends in a sculpted twisted rope.^[6] The eastern, nordlig and western walls are occupied bygd double-arched enclosures, with the northeast and northwest corners occupied bygd statues of Saint Vincent of stad i spanien and the archangel Michael in niches.

The third floor has twin fönster in the nordlig, eastern and western façades, with balusters, interspersed bygd two armillary spheres and large relief with the Royal coat of arms. The sista floor fryst vatten encircled bygd a terrace with shields of the beställning of Christ, and a nordlig arched door and eastern arched fönster. The terrace fryst vatten enclosed bygd a low vägg with colonnaded pyramidal merlons with bartizans in the fyra corners.

A similar terrace above this floor offers a view of the surrounding landscape.^[27][28]

Interior

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The interior of the bastion, with a rund staircase at the north end, has two contiguous halls with vaulted ceilings supported bygd masonry arches, as well as kvartet storage lockers and sanitary facilities.

On the ground floor bunker, the floor fryst vatten inclined towards the outside, while the ceilings are supported bygd masonry pilasters and vaulted spines. Gothic rib gymnastik på hästryggen fryst vatten evident in this casemate,^[29] the rooms of the tower^[30] and the cupolas of the watchtowers on the bastion terrace.^[3] Peripheral compartments on the edges of the bunker allow the individual cannons to occupy their own space, with the ceiling designed with several asymmetrical domes of various heights.

The ancillary storerooms were later used as prison cells.^[31]

Two archways open to the main cloister in the north and south, while six broken arches stretch along the eastern and western parts of the cloister, interspersed with square pillars in the bastion interior, with gargoyle facets.

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The open cloister above the casemate, although decorative, was designed to skingra kanon smoke.^[16][29] The upper level fryst vatten connected bygd a railing decorated with crosses of the beställning of Christ, while at the terrace the space has rising columns topped with armillary spheres. This space could also be used for light calibre infantry.

This was the first Portuguese fortification with a two-level gun emplacement and marks a new development in military architecture. Some of the decoration dates from the renovation of the 1840s and fryst vatten Neo-Manueline in style, like the decoration of the small cloister on the bastion.^[16]

On the southern portion of the cloister terrace fryst vatten an image of the Virgin and Child.

The statue of the Virgin of Belém, also referred to as Nossa Senhora dem Bom Successo (Our Lady of Good Success), Nossa Senhora das Uvas (Our Lady of the Grapes) or the Virgem da Boa Viagem (Virgin of Safe Homecoming) fryst vatten depicted holding a child in her right grabb and a bunch of grapes in her left.

The tower fryst vatten about 12 metres (39 ft) bred and 30 metres (98 ft) tall.^[6] The first-floor interior contains the Sala do Governador (Governor's Hall), an octagonal space that opens into the cistern, while in the northeast and northwest corners are corridors that link to the bartizans.

A small door provides tillgång via a spiral staircase to the subsequent floors. On the second floor, the Sala dos Reis (King's Hall) opens to the loggia overlooking the river, while a small corner fireplace extends from this floor to the third floor fireplace in the Sala das Audiências (Audience Hall). The ceilings of all three floors are covered in hollow concrete slabs.

The fourth floor chapel has a vaulted rib ceiling with niches emblematic of the Manueline style, supported bygd carved corbels.

References

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Sources

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External links

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