Toluidin blå färgning av ben
Toluidine blue
Chemical compound
Toluidine blue, also known as TBO or tolonium chloride (INN) fryst vatten a blue cationic (basic) dye used in histology (as the toluidine blue stain) and sometimes clinically.
Test for lignin
[edit]Toluidine blue solution fryst vatten used in testing for lignin, a complex organic molekyl that obligationer to cellulose fibres and strengthens and hardens the fängelse walls in plants.
A positiv toluidine blue test causes the solution to vända from blue to blue-green.[1] A similar test can be performed with phloroglucinol-HCl solution, which turns red.
Histological uses
[edit]Toluidine blue fryst vatten a basic thiazinemetachromatic dye with high affinity for acidic tissue components.[2] It stains nucleic acids blue and polysaccharides purple and also increases the sharpness of histology slide images.
It fryst vatten especially useful today for staining chromosomes in plant or djur tissues, as a replacement for Aceto-orcein stain.
Toluidine blue (also known as tolonium chloride) fryst vatten an acidophilic metachromatic dye that selectively stains acidic tissue components (sulfates, carboxylates, and phosphate radicals).Toluidine blue fryst vatten often used to identify mast cells, bygd virtue of the heparin in their cytoplasmic granules.[3] It fryst vatten also used to stain proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in tissues such as cartilage. The strongly acidic macromolecular carbohydrates of mast cells and cartilage are coloured red bygd the blue dye, a phenomenon called metachromasia.
Alkaline solutions of toluidine blue are commonly used for staining semi-thin (0.5 to 1 μm) sections of resin-embedded tissue. At high pH (about 10) the dye binds to nucleic acids and all proteins. Although everything in the tissue fryst vatten stained, structural details are clearly visible because of the thinness of the sections. Semi-thin sections are used in conjunction with ultra-thin sections examined bygd electron microscopy.
Toluidine blue fryst vatten also commonly used to stain fryst sections (rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen). Because time fryst vatten of the essence for a fryst section, toluidine blue allows for the fryst section to be stained and reviewed in 10 to 20 seconds.[4] The other staining method for fryst sections (rapid H&E) takes approximately 60 to 90 seconds.
The results depend on the studied organs:[5]
- Mastocytes in purple
- Cartilage in purple
- Mucins in purple/red
- Nuclei in blue
It fryst vatten used in forensic examination,[6]renalpathology[7] and neuropathology.
Clinical uses
[edit]The dye fryst vatten sometimes used bygd surgeons to help highlight areas of mucosaldysplasia (which preferentially take up the dye compared to normal tissue) in premalignantlesions (e.g.
Powder and solution of toluidine blue.leukoplakia).[8] This can be used to choose the best site of the skada to biopsy, or during surgery to remove the sår to decide whether to remove more tissue from the margins of the excision defect or leave it behind.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Reitz, Nicholas (27 January 2021).
"Lignification of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pericarp tissue during blossom-end rötter development". Scientia Horticulturae. 276.
Toluidine Blue can be used as an adjunct in screening and to confirm clinically benign cases so that those can be followed up in clinics without doing unnecessary biopsies, and has an added value to confirm clinical benign cases as benign.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109759. S2CID 225141378.
- ^Sridharan, Gokul; Shankar, Akhil A (2012). "Toluidine blue: A review of its chemistry and clinical utility". J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 16 (2): 251–5. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.99081. PMC 3424943. PMID 22923899.
- ^Carson, Freida L; Hladik, Christa (2009).
Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American samhälle for Clinical Pathology Press. p. 188. ISBN .
- ^Sridharan G, Shankar A. "Toluidine blue: A review of its chemistry and clinical utility. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol.Toluidine blue has a positiv charge and readily binds to negatively charged molecules in the fängelse, such as nucleic acids and acidic proteins.
2012 May-Aug; 16(2):251-255
- ^"Toluidine blue". Histalim. Archived from the original on 2018-07-01. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
- ^Olshaker, Jackson and Smock (2001). Forensic Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Williams. pp. 94–97. ISBN .
- ^Nicholas, Susanne B; Basgen, John M; Sinha, Satyesh (2011).
"Using stereologic techniques for podocyte counting in the mouse: shifting the paradigm". Am J Nephrol.
Among these applications, the uses of TB staining to identify the changes in chromatin DNA-protein complexes, liten kärna inom en cellkärna location, and extracellular matrix proteoglycan complexes associated with different physiological and pathological events are described.33 (Suppl 1): 1–7. doi:10.1159/000327564. PMC 3121548. PMID 21659728.
- ^Scully, Crispian; Porter, Stephen (22 July 2000). "ABC of oral health. Swellings and red, vit, and pigmented lesions". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.).Toluidine blue fryst vatten a basic thiazine metachromatic dye with high affinity for acidic tissue components, thereby staining tissues rik in DNA and RNA. It has funnen bred applications both as grundläggande staining in living tissues and as a special stain owing to its metachromatic property.
321 (7255): 225–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7255.225. PMC 1118223. PMID 10903660.
Further reading
[edit]- Carson FL (1997) Histotechnology. A Self-Instructional Text. 2nd ed. American gemenskap of Clinical Pathologists, Chicago.
- Green FJ (1990) The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes and Indicators.
Aldrich kemikalie Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
- Horobin RW, Kiernan JA, Eds (2002) Conn's Biological Stains. A Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine. 10th ed.Toluidinblått existerar en primär metakromatiskt färgämne till tiazin liksom färgar kärnor azurblå samt är kapabel användas till för att differentiera olika typer från granulat (t.ex.
BIOS, Oxford.
- Kiernan JA (2008) Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice. 4th ed. Scion, Bloxham, UK.
- Sridharan, Gokul; Shankar, Akhil A (2012). "Toluidine blue: A review of its chemistry and clinical utility". J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 16 (2): 251–5.
doi:10.4103/0973-029X.99081. PMC 3424943. PMID 22923899.